Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Overview of Gender differences, Genetic, Epigenetic, and Non-genetic aspects

Abstract

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. Around 2.8% of the adult population is affected by ADHD. There are various factors that contribute to the development of ADHD which can be differentiated based on its mode of transmission. Some factors are manifested through inheritance and some are categorized as epigenetic. However, it is quite challenging to determine a well-described cause that contributes to the development of ADHD. Furthermore, there are significant differences between affected men and women. One of the most noticeable differences being that cognitive flexibility and verbal fluency are the qualities that are more evident in male counterparts, whereas for the female counterparts, working memory and inhibition are the qualities that are prominent. This review focuses on the manifestation of ADHD as well as the epigenetic, genetic, and non-genetic factors influencing it. The review also aims to draw attention to the variations between ADHD-diagnosed men and women. The knowledge of the myriad of factors that influence ADHD could be vital in designing efficient and effective therapeutics against this condition. In addition, the differences between men and women could also be exploited to understand the development of ADHD for improved and personalized remedies.