Effect of xenobiotic compounds on steroidogenesis in humans

Abstract

Gonadal steroids are crucial hormones responsible for the proper functioning and growth of the body. The sex hormones are produced in the adrenal glands and gonads by a process called steroidogenesis. Steroidogenesis is an enzymatic reaction where cholesterol gets converted to active steroid hormones in the respective gonads and play a dominant role in determining the primary and secondary characteristics of organisms. Studies has revealed that highly divergent groups of xenobiotic compounds are known to obstruct with steroidogenesis and cause endocrine-disrupting effects. Environmental contaminants such as DDT and PCBs are known to affect steroidogenesis. Chemicals such as azole fungicides and antifungal drugs is known to function as powerful inhibitors of steroidogenic enzymes, resulting in endocrine disruption. With the increasing various hormonal disorders and decreased fertility rate due to stress and improper lifestyle, understanding the role and environmental impact of sex hormones on humans helps to manage and lead a healthy life. This review highlights the biosynthesis, functional mechanism of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone hormones including the effects of its varying levels and the influence of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) on the steroidogenesis process.